Tirzepatide was developed as a dual agonist to both GLP-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptors (Frias et al., 2018). Similar to GLP-1, GIP is an incretin hormone that functions to induce insulin secretion. Uses: Tirzepatide is used with a proper diet and exercise program to control high blood sugar in people with type 2 […]

Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of the amino acids glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid. It is the most abundant antioxidant in living organisms and plays an important role in cells due to its free thiol groups. Under oxidative conditions, glutathione is oxidized to glutathione disulfide. The glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio determines the redox state of cells […]

Cagrilintide is an amylin-analog, now being developed in combination with the GLP-1 agonist semaglutide to achieve sustained weight loss in persons with overweight and obesity. This drug is an investigational therapy that reduced body weight in a phase 2 trial when administered as monotherapy in participants without diabetes and with a BMI of at least […]

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays a major role in metabolism as a cofactor and mobile electron acceptor. NAD+ is a required oxidizing cosubstrate for many enzymes. It is reduced to NADH which carries electrons to the electron transport chain for subsequent oxidative phorphorylation and ATP production. NAD+ is capable of donating ADP-ribose moieties to a […]

Retatrutide potently activates the GLP-1R signaling pathway to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion through activity at the GIP receptor (GIPR) or the GLP-1R. Retatrutide is a synthetic peptide with glucose-lowering effects. It is an antidiabetic agent against type 2 diabetes (T2D), stimulating insulin and suppressing glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Retatrutide was also shown to […]